System and method for monitoring and controlling a polymerization system

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates generally to a system having a reactor system with a polymerization reactor and a feed system fluidly coupled to a feed inlet of the reactor. The feed system supplies components to the reactor via the feed inlet, and the reactor has a flow path that continuously conveys the components through the reactor and subjects the components to polymerization conditions to produce a polymer. The system also has an analysis system coupled to the reactor for online monitoring of a particle size of the polymer. Further, the system includes a control system, coupled to the analysis and feed systems, that receives a signal from the analysis system indicative of the monitored particle size of the polymer and adjusts an operating parameter of the feed system to control a flow rate of at least one of the components to the reactor based at least on the signal.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/710,183 filed on Sep. 20, 2017, now U.S. Pat.No. 10,549,251 B2, and entitled “System and Method for Monitoring andControlling a Polymerization System,” which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates generally to systems and methods formonitoring and controlling polymerization systems.

As chemical and petrochemical technologies have advanced, the productsof these technologies have become increasingly prevalent in society. Inparticular, as techniques for bonding simple molecular building blocksinto longer chains (or polymers) have advanced, the polymer products,typically in the form of various plastics, have been increasinglyincorporated into various everyday items. For example, polyolefinpolymers, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and their copolymers, areused for retail and pharmaceutical packaging, food and beveragepackaging (such as juice and soda bottles), household containers (suchas pails and boxes), household items (such as appliances, furniture,carpeting, and toys), automobile components, pipes, conduits, andvarious other consumer and industrial products.

One benefit of polyolefin construction is that it is generally inert andnon-reactive with goods or products with which it is in contact, as wellas with the surrounding environment. This property allows polyolefinproducts to be used in many residential, commercial, and industrialcontexts, including food and beverage storage and transportation,consumer electronics, agriculture, shipping, and vehicular construction.The wide variety of residential, commercial and industrial uses forpolyolefins has translated into a substantial demand for raw polyolefinwhich can be extruded, injected, blown or otherwise formed into a finalconsumable product or component.

The raw polyolefin is typically produced in bulk by petrochemicalfacilities, which have ready access to monomers (e.g., ethylene) andcomonomers, such as alpha olefins (e.g., 1-butene or 1-hexene or1-octene), that serve as the molecular building blocks of thepolyolefins to be produced. In some polymerization processes, thecomponents used for polymerization, such as a monomer, a comonomer, anda catalyst facilitating polymerization of the monomer and comonomers,are solvated and/or suspended in a diluent. In these cases, the catalystand the polyolefin formed as a result of the polymerization reaction aretypically suspended in the diluent to form a slurry. The polymerizationreaction itself may be performed in systems, such as a polymerizationreactor, where temperature and pressure can be regulated to producepolyolefins having certain desired properties.

However, in some circumstances, during standard operation, thepolymerization reactor may “foul,” an event that occurs when thepolymerized product formed adheres on the inside of the reactor walls,or when the product cannot be maintained as a slurry and solidifieswithin the reactor. Such a foul may result in a loss in heat transfer,such as due to a reduction in circulation or reduced efficiency at aheat exchanger interface, which may impair or completely negate thecapacity to maintain the desired temperature within the reactor. Areactor foul may also result in a reduction in the circulation of thereactor contents and/or in a variation from the desired percent solids(measured by volume or by weight) of the reactor slurry. To the extentthat a change in the operation of a reactor, such as in a foulingsituation, may result in deviations from the desired reactionconditions, the polymer product produced during such a reactor foul maynot meet the desired specifications; that is, the product may be“off-spec.” In extreme or runaway fouling situations, control of thereaction may be lost entirely, and the reactor may become plugged withpolymer, requiring weeks to clear, during which time the reactor may notbe operated. Therefore, a system that monitors reactor contents andadjusts a feed of polymerization components to prevent or minimize theoccurrence of fouling is desired.

Further, due to their potential for fouling, reactors are typicallyoperated with some headroom to avoid fouling conditions because it isdifficult to monitor exact conditions within the reactor. For example,conditions within the reactor may often be inferred based on operationalparameters (e.g., temperature and/or pressure). It is now recognizedthat it would be desirable to be able to more accurately evaluatepolymerization conditions to enable enhanced polymer production andimproved control over the polymerization process itself.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following figures form part of the present specification and areincluded to further demonstrate certain aspects of the presentinvention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one ormore of these figures in combination with the detailed description ofspecific embodiments presented herein.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block flow diagram depicting a polymerizationsystem for the continuous production of polyolefins, in accordance withan embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 illustrates a loop reactor system with features for controllingpolymerization components and the prevention of reactor fouls, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure:

FIG. 3 illustrates a portion of the loop reactor system of FIG. 2 with aprobe tapped into a wall of the loop reactor system, such that the probeis in a flow path of the loop reactor system, in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 illustrates a portion of the loop reactor system of FIG. 2 with aprobe disposed flush with an inner surface of the loop reactor system,in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic overview of a polymerization system withtwo loop reactors in series with features for controlling polymerizationcomponents and the prevention of reactor fouls, in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 illustrates a flashline for polyolefin recovery and diluentrecycle, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 7 illustrates a flow chart of a method for monitoring an operatingparameter(s) of a polymerization system and making adjustments to a feedsystem to prevent fouling, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

While the inventions disclosed herein are susceptible to variousmodifications and alternative forms, only a few specific embodimentshave been shown by way of example in the drawings and are described indetail below. The figures and detailed descriptions of these specificembodiments are not intended to limit the breadth or scope of theinventive concepts or the appended claims in any manner. Rather, thefigures and detailed written descriptions are provided to illustrate theinventive concepts to a person of ordinary skill in the art and toenable such person to make and use the inventive concepts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

One or more specific embodiments of the present disclosure will bedescribed below. In an effort to provide a concise description of theseembodiments, not all features of an actual implementation are describedin the specification. It should be appreciated that in the developmentof any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or designproject, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made toachieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance withsystem-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from oneimplementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that sucha development effort might be complex and time consuming, but wouldnevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, andmanufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of thisdisclosure.

The terminology used herein is for describing particular embodimentsonly and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As usedherein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to includethe plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. The terms “comprises,” “comprising.” “includes” and/or“including.” when used herein, specify the presence of stated features,integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do notpreclude the presence or addition of one or more other features,integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groupsthereof.

Although the terms first, second, primary, secondary, and the like maybe used herein to describe various elements, these elements should notbe limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish oneelement from another. For example, but not limiting to, a first elementcould be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element couldbe termed a first element, without departing from the scope of exampleembodiments. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any, and all,combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

Fouling may occur due to a variety of different factors, depending onthe type of polymerization system and circumstances. Depending on thetype of foul, the external indications that such a foul exists or isimminent may include deviations from the set reaction temperature orincreased demand on the coolant system to maintain the set temperaturevalue. Similarly, an increase in the temperature difference between thecoolant inlet temperature and reactor temperature may be indicative ofcertain types of reactor fouls, such as those which interfere with thetransfer of heat through the reactor walls. Another external indicationof a foul may be an increased motor load as the pump attempts tomaintain a velocity within the reactor sufficient to keep the polymerand catalyst particles suspended or attempts to compensate forrestriction or obstruction of the flow path. Similarly, a high pressuredifference may be observed at the pump and may indicate the presence ofsome fouls.

As an example, fouling may occur when the reactor temperature increasesbeyond a desired operating range. Such a deviation may result inswelling of the polymer particles and an increased tendency for theparticles to agglomerate into larger particles, both of which canincrease the polymer volume percent in the reactor. The higher volumepercent solids may result in a decrease of the circulation rate. Tocompensate, the reactor circulating pump works harder to propel thefluid and particles, resulting in a high motor load and a high pressuredifferential (e.g., ΔP).

Similarly, fouls may occur in which circulation of the reactants andproduct in the reactor system is interrupted or degraded. For example,when reactor solids and monomer concentrations are above desired levels,large polymer particles may be formed which can plug continuous take-offvalves or other outlet valves or conduits. The large polymer particlesmay also settle out of the slurry in the reactor, where they mayrestrict the flow of slurry. Furthermore, the large polymer particlesincrease volume percent solids in the reactor, increasing the flowresistance of the slurry and leading to a corresponding high motor loadand a high ΔP as the reactor circulating pump compensates for theincreased resistance.

An increase in small particles of polymer, i.e., “fines,” may alsoresult in a form of fouling. In particular, an increased number of finesmay increase the viscosity of the slurry due to the correspondingincrease in particulate surface area for the same mass fraction ofpolymer. To compensate for the increase in viscosity, the reactorcirculating pump works harder, resulting in a higher motor load and ΔP.Accordingly, fouling may result from the particles in the reactor systembeing either too large or too small.

Another type of fouling that may occur, depending on the reactionenvironment, is static fouling. Static fouling is typically associatedwith fines and/or catalysts being held to the reactor wall byelectrostatic forces. The catalyst particles and catalyst within thefines facilitate polymerization along the reactor wall, resulting in afilm or layer of polymer growing on the reactor wall. As the layer ofpolymer grows, it decreases the transfer of heat from the reactor to thereactor coolant. The loss of heat transfer resulting from the polymerlayer may result in a lowering of the coolant temperature at the inletto maintain the desired production rate. As a result, the temperaturedifferential. (i.e., the difference between the coolant inlettemperature and reactor temperature) may increase. Furthermore, thelayer of polymer restricts the flow of slurry along the reactor wall,resulting in an increased motor load and ΔP at the circulating pump.

As might be expected, a foul may be indicated by some or all of thefactors mentioned above. In response to the various indicators of afoul, a rapid response may regain control of the reaction. Depending onthe foul, such responses may include adjusting the reactor temperatureby increasing or decreasing a flow rate of coolant, increasing theaddition rate of diluent (such as isobutane), decreasing the additionrate of monomer, adding anti-static agents, and/or decreasing theaddition rate of catalyst.

The present disclosure is directed to the detection and reduction and/orprevention of fouls in polyolefin polymerization systems. In particular,the detection of impending reactor fouls using techniques for monitoringparticle size of polymerization components is discussed. In addition,the present disclosure discusses techniques to prevent reactor fouls bycontrolling the rate of addition of polymerization components based uponfeedback (e.g., particle size measurement, slurry density measurement,bulk density measurement) from an analysis system. Once warning signs offouling are detected, impending reactor fouls may be prevented viaupstream adjustments or “corrective actions” to the polymerizationsystem.

In addition to potentially preventing fouling in the polymerizationsystem, the presently disclosed systems and methods may also enablefiner control over the polymerization system, which may lead to a higherquality product (e.g., polymer). Numerous operating parameters mayultimately affect the quality of the final product, and therefore aregenerally constantly monitored. Additionally, the operating parametersmay, together or in combination, indicate or predict fouling. When aparameter reaches a level that may contribute to fouling, correctiveaction may be taken by a controller and/or a human operator. However,the level at which corrective action is taken may be relatively earlybecause physical characteristics of contents in the system are uncertainwhen relying on operating parameters such as temperature, pressure,density, and the like. Early corrective action may decrease the qualityof the final product because the operating parameters may be deviatedfrom optimal levels. The presently disclosed techniques provide finercontrol over the operating parameters, such that corrective action maynot be taken as early. For example, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present disclosure, a probe may be coupled to a reactor of thepolymerization system to monitor, for example, a particle size of thepolymer being produced. Accordingly, more certainty regarding thereactor contents (and whether fouling is imminent) may be achieved andless reliance may be placed on other operating parameters. For example,a controller and/or human operator may more certainly understand how achange in an operating parameter, no matter how minor, affects particlesize of contents in the system. It is now recognized that the presentlydisclosed techniques may enable the polymerization system to have finercontrol in taking corrective action to prevent fouling, which maygenerate a higher quality polymer.

Turning to the figures. FIG. 1 illustrates a block flow diagramdepicting a polymerization system 10 for the continuous manufacture ofpolyolefins, such as polyethylene homopolymer, copolymer, and/orterpolymer. Polymerization system 10 may generally comprise upstreamequipment 42 configured to produce a polyolefin, and downstreamequipment 44 configured to extract the polyolefin from the slurry and/orsubject or direct the polyolefin to further processing. To produce suchpolyolefins, various suppliers 12 may provide reactor polymerizationcomponents (or equivalently, as used herein, “feedstocks”) 14 topolymerization system 10 via pipelines, trucks, cylinders, drums, and soforth. The suppliers 12 may include off-site and/or on-site facilities,including olefin plants, refineries, catalyst plants, and the like.Examples of possible polymerization components or feedstocks 14 includeolefin monomers and comonomers (e.g., ethylene, propylene, butene,hexene, octene, decene), diluents (e.g., propane, isobutane, n-hexane,n-heptane), chain transfer agents (e.g., hydrogen), catalysts (e.g.,Ziegler catalysts, Ziegler-Natta catalysts, chromium catalysts,metallocene catalysts), co-catalysts (e.g., triethylaluminum alkyl,triethylboron, methyl aluminoxane), and other additives. As anon-limiting example, in one process in accordance with the presentdisclosure, ethylene feedstock may be continuously supplied via pipelineat approximately 800-1450 pounds per square inch gauge (psig) (5.5-10.0MPa) at 45-65° Fahrenheit (“F”) (17.2-18.3° C.), and hydrogen feedstockmay also be supplied via pipeline, but at approximately 900-1000 psig(6.2-6.9 MPa) at 90-110° F. (32.2-43.3° C.). However, a variety ofsupply conditions may exist for ethylene, hydrogen, and otherpolymerization components/feedstocks 14.

The suppliers 12 typically provide the polymerizationcomponents/feedstocks 14 to a reactor feed system 16, where thepolymerization components 14 may be stored (e.g., in monomer storage andfeed tanks, diluent vessels, catalyst tanks, co-catalyst cylinders andtanks). In the feed system 16, the polymerization components 14 may betreated or processed prior to their introduction as feed streams 18 intothe polymerization reactors of a reactor system 20. For example,polymerization components 14 (e.g., monomer, comonomer, and diluents)may be sent through treatment beds (e.g., molecular sieve beds, aluminumpacking; not shown) to remove potential catalyst poisons in the feedsystem 16. Catalyst poisons may include, for example, water, oxygen,carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and organic compounds containingsulfur, oxygen, or halogens. The olefin monomer and comonomers may beliquid, gaseous, or a supercritical fluid, depending on the type ofreactor or reactors within the reactor system 20. Furthermore, inoperation, the feed system 16 may also store, treat, and meter recoveredreactor effluent for recycle to the reactor system 20.

The feed system 16 may also prepare or condition other polymerizationcomponents 14, such as catalysts, for addition to the polymerizationreactors. For example, a catalyst may be activated and mixed withdiluent (e.g., isobutane or hexane) or mineral oil in catalystpreparation tanks. As described above, catalyst may also be recoveredfrom the reactor effluent. In total, the polymerization components 14and recovered reactor effluent are processed in the feed system 16 andfed as feed streams 18 (e.g., streams of monomer, comonomer, diluent,catalysts, co-catalysts, hydrogen, additives, or combinations thereof)to the reactor system 20. Further, the feed system 16 typically providesfor metering and controlling the addition rate of the polymerizationcomponents 14 into the reactor system 20 to maintain the desired reactorstability and/or to achieve the desired polyolefin properties orproduction rate. In certain embodiments, the rate at which the feedsystem 16 adds the polymerization components 14 to the reactor system 20is adjusted by a control system (e.g., a workstation and/or acontroller), as discussed in more detail herein.

The reactor system 20 may have one or more steady-state reactor vessels,such as liquid-phase reactors, gas-phase reactors, or a combinationthereof. Multiple reactors may be arranged in series, in parallel, or inany other suitable combination or configuration. When multiple reactorsare arranged in series, each reactor may be disposed along a single flowpath of the reactor system. Conversely, multiple flow paths may existwhen reactors are arranged in parallel. In polymerization reactorvessels, one or more olefin monomers are polymerized to form a productcontaining polymer particulates, typically called fluff or granules. Thereaction conditions, such as temperature, pressure, flow rate,mechanical agitation, product takeoff, component concentrations, polymerproduction rate, and so forth, may be selected to achieve the desiredfluff properties.

As the monomers begin to polymerize, a particle size of polymers formedwithin the reactor may be monitored online with a probe, which may bereferred to as online monitoring, real-time monitoring, steady-statemonitoring, or the like, each of which occurs while the polymerizationreaction is in operation, for example during steady state operatingconditions. For example, one or more particle vision and measurement(PVM) or focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) probes, asdescribed in more detail hereinbelow, may be employed to monitorparticle size. PVM probes operate by video microscopy, while FBRM probesoperate by measuring a chord length of the polymer particulates byemitting a beam of light into the reactor, or other vessel, thatreflects off of the polymer particulates, and determining particle sizebased on the time it takes for the light to return to the probe.

The probe may be disposed along a flow path of the polymerizationsystem. For example, as described in more detail hereinbelow withreference to FIGS. 3 and 4, the probe may be flush, or substantiallyflush, with an inner surface of the reactor piping such that no gaps orextrusions are formed in the inner surface of the piping, or may beinserted into the reactor such that it is in a portion of the flow path(e.g., an extrusion in the inner surface of the reactor piping isformed).

In addition to the one or more olefin monomers, a catalyst (e.g.,Ziegler catalysts, Ziegler-Natta catalysts, metallocene catalysts, otherwell-known polyolefin catalysts, co-catalysts) that facilitatespolymerization of the monomer may be added to the reactor. In certainembodiments, the catalyst is present as a particle suspended in thefluid medium within the reactor. In addition to the polymerizationcomponents 14 described above, diluent may be fed into a liquid-phasereactor to suspend the catalyst particles and polymer within thereactor. In certain embodiments, the diluent is an inert hydrocarbonthat is a liquid or a supercritical fluid at reaction conditions,depending on the desired properties of the polymer fluff or the slurry.The diluent may include isobutane, propane, n-pentane, i-pentane,neopentane, n-hexane, cyclohexane, cyclopentane, methylcyclopentane,ethylcyclohexane, and the like, or any combination thereof.

A motive device may be present within the reactor in the reactor system20. For example, within a liquid-phase reactor, such as a loop slurryreactor, an impeller may create a turbulent mixing zone within the fluidmedium. The impeller may be driven by a motor to propel the fluid mediumas well as any catalyst, polyolefin fluff, or other solid particulatessuspended within the fluid medium, through the closed loop of thereactor. Similarly, within a gas-phase reactor, such as a fluidized bedreactor or plug flow reactor, one or more paddles or stirrers may beused to mix the solid particles within the reactor.

A discharge 22 of the reactors within the reactor system 20 may includepolymer fluff as well as non-polymer components, such as diluent,unreacted monomer/comonomer, and residual catalyst and/or cocatalyst.After leaving the reactor system 20, the discharge 22 may besubsequently processed, such as by an effluent treatment system 24, toseparate non-polymer components (e.g., diluent, unreacted monomer, andcatalyst) from polymer fluff 28.

The polymer fluff 28 may be further processed within the effluenttreatment system 24, in a flashline, and/or in an extrusion/loadoutsystem 36. As generally illustrated, polymer granules and/or activeresidual catalyst intermediate in the effluent treatment system 24 maybe returned to the reactor system 20, as recycled effluent 30 forfurther polymerization, such as in a different type of reactor or underdifferent reaction conditions. Diluent and unreacted monomer may also berecycled to the reactor system 20 as part of the recycled effluent 30.It should be noted that the probes may also be present in the effluenttreatment system to monitor a particle size of the polymer fluff 28downstream from the reactor system 20.

In the extrusion/loadout system 36, the polymer fluff 28 is typicallyextruded from an extruder (not shown) to produce polymer pellets 38 withdesired mechanical, physical, and melt characteristics. Extruder feedmay optionally contain additives, such as UV inhibitors and peroxides,which are added to the polymer fluff 28 to impart desiredcharacteristics to the extruded polymer pellets 38. Anextruder/pelletizer within the extrusion/loadout system 36 receives theextruder feed, containing the polymer fluff 28 and whatever additiveshave been added. The extruder/pelletizer heats and melts the extruderfeed which then may be extruded (e.g., via a twin screw extruder)through a pelletizer die of the extrusion/loadout system 36 underpressure to form polyolefin pellets 38. Such pellets 38 may be cooled ina water system disposed at or near the discharge of theextruder/pelletizer. In general, the polyolefin pellets may then betransported to a product load-out area where the pellets may be stored,blended with other pellets, and/or loaded into railcars, trucks, bags,and so forth, for distribution to customers 40.

It is now recognized that it may be desirable to enable enhanced controlover the reactor system 20, which may enhance efficiency of the overallpolymerization system 10. Such enhanced control may, for example,prevent fouling in the reactor system 20 of FIG. 1. Therefore, a controlmechanism, in accordance with the present disclosure, that monitorsoperating conditions of polymerization system 10 and subsequently makesadjustments upstream of the reactor system 20 to prevent fouling mayenhance efficiency of polymerization systems.

A more specific example of the polymerization system 10 incorporatingsuch a control mechanism is depicted in FIG. 2. For simplicity, thefollowing discussion relates to a polymerization system 10 with acontinuous (e.g., steady-state) loop reactor 60, though it is to beunderstood that the present techniques may be applied to other types ofpolymerization reactors susceptible to fouling, such as boiling liquidpool, stirred tank, and gas phase reactors. Indeed, any type ofpolymerization reaction or reactor may benefit from the presenttechniques.

The polymerization system 10 includes the loop reactor 60, a coolantsystem 62, the feed system 16, downstream equipment 64, and a controller66, among other features. The coolant system 62 is configured to removeheat from the loop reactor 60 via reactor jackets 68 attached to theexterior of the reactor legs based upon temperature measurements (e.g.,from a thermocouple or other temperature measurement device), forexample measurements at reactor hot spots 70. While the hot spots 70 areillustrated as being measured at or near bends or elbows in the reactor60, it should be noted that the locations of the reactor hot spots 70may vary depending on the reactor layout, design, and operatingconditions, among other factors.

During operation, the feed system 16 introduces the polymerizationcomponents into the polymerization reactor 60 via a feed inlet. Incertain embodiments, two feed inlets 72 and 74 introduce thepolymerization components 14 into the polymerization reactor 60. Inother embodiments, the polymerization reactor 60 may receivepolymerization components via one feed inlet or via more than two feedinlets (e.g., one for each of the polymerization components 14 of FIG.1). Additionally, the polymerization system 10 may include a feedcontrol or feed control system 76, which may include features configuredto control the rate of addition of the various polymerization components14 into the loop reactor 60. Such conditions may include temperature,flow rates of the polymerization components 14, and so forth. Asmentioned, the feed control system 76 may control the flow of a numberof the polymerization components into the reactor 60, such as a monomer80, a comonomer 82, diluent 84, catalyst 86, cocatalyst 88, and soforth. Further, the feed control system 76 may control, during operationof polymerization system 10, a feed 90 which has been directed from aprecontactor 92.

In certain embodiments, the controller 66 may be in communication withthe feed system 16, such that, among other features, the controller 66may include a memory containing computer code 78 configured to controlthe feed control system 76. For example, a processor within thecontroller 66 may execute the code 78, which may contain one or morealgorithms capable of adjusting conditions within the reactor 60 and/orperforming analyses as described below.

During operation, one or more of the polymerization components 14 mayflow through the loop reactor 60, which may generally include segmentsof pipe connected by smooth bends or elbows. For example, the reactor 60may be used to carry out polyolefin polymerization under slurryconditions (e.g., polymerization conditions) in which insolubleparticles of polyolefin, such as polyethylene, are formed in a fluidmedium and are suspended as a slurry until removed. Therefore, thereactor 60 may contain both the polymerization components 14 as well asthe resulting polymer (e.g., the polymerization reactor components). Thefluid medium may include diluent 84 (e.g., isobutane), monomer 80 (e.g.,ethylene, propylene, butene), comonomer 82 (e.g., 1-butene, 1-hexene,1-octene), co-catalysts 88 (e.g., alkyl aluminum reagents), activatingagents and/or solid supports (e.g., solid oxides such as solid superacids (SSA's)), chain transfer agents, molecular weight control agents(e.g., hydrogen), and any other desired co-reactants or additives. Anyone of the polymerization components 14 may be added to the reactorinterior by the feed system 16 via the inlets 72 and 74 prior to and/orduring a polymerization reaction. In certain embodiments, a particulatecatalyst may be added to the reactor 60 and suspended in the fluidmedium to initiate and/or maintain the desired polymerization reaction.In other embodiments, the catalyst 86 can be any suitable catalyst forpolymerizing the present monomer. For example, a metallocene/solid superacid (SSA) catalyst system, a Ziegler-Natta catalyst system, a chromiumoxide on solid support catalyst system, and so forth may be used in thepolymerization system 10.

During operation, a motive device, such as a pump 94, circulates thefluid slurry (e.g., polymerization reactor components) in the reactor60. For example, the pump 94 may be an in-line axial flow pump with apump impeller 96 disposed within the interior of the reactor 60configured to propel the fluid medium through the closed loop of thereactor 60, as depicted by arrows 98, at sufficient speed to keep solidparticulates, such as the catalyst or polyolefin product, suspendedwithin the fluid medium. As a non-limiting example, an averagecirculation rate of between approximately 30-45 feet/second (9.1-13.7m/s) is typically sufficient to maintain the suspension of polymerproduct and catalyst as a slurry in the reactor 60. In certainembodiments, the impeller 96 is driven by a motor 100. In otherembodiments, the pump impeller 96 may be driven by another motive force.

The reaction conditions within the reactor 60 may be selected tofacilitate the desired degree of polymerization and the desired reactionrate. Due to the exothermic nature of the polymerization reaction, thecooling jackets 68 may be provided around portions of the closed loopsystem (e.g., around straight portions of the reactor piping). Duringoperation, a cooling fluid may be circulated within the cooling jackets68 as needed to remove the generated heat and to maintain thetemperature within the desired range. In certain embodiments, thedesired operating temperature range is between approximately 150-250° F.(approximately 65-121° Celsius (“C”)).

As the polymerization reaction proceeds within the reactor 60, themonomer (and comonomer, if present) polymerizes to form polymers thatare substantially insoluble in the fluid medium at the reactiontemperature, thereby forming a slurry of solid particulates within themedium. The controller 66 may perform operations to maintain the balancebetween the amount of polymerization components 14 added to the reactorand the amount of slurry withdrawn. For example, the controller 66 mayactuate valves 102 and 104 corresponding to feed inlets 72 and 74,respectively. The valves 102 and 104 may be, in some situations, fullyor partially opened, and/or fully or partially closed. Likewise, thecontroller 66 may actuate a valve 106 that at least partially regulatesan amount of slurry withdrawn from the reactor 60 via continuoustake-off 108. As such, the solid polyolefin particulates may then beremoved from the reactor 60. In some embodiments, configurations otherthan the continuous take-off 108 may be possible, such as the use of asettling leg or a pressure take-off valve. Downstream equipment 64(e.g., a flashline, an extruder, or similar equipment) fluidly coupledto the reactor system 20 may extract the polyolefin from the slurry anddirect the polyolefin for further processing, such that the product maybe formed into parts or products for personal, commercial, and/orindustrial use.

By keeping the temperature, pressure, percent by weight solids, percentby volume solids, slurry circulation rate, particle size and otherreaction conditions within desired ranges and by using a suitablepolymerization catalyst, the polyolefin produced by the reactor 60 mayhave properties desirable for a number of end uses, such as thosedescribed above. As discussed previously, however, various types ofreactor fouls may occur that effectively limit or impair the control ofreactor conditions, such as temperature, slurry circulation rate, and/orthe percent of solids in the slurry (by weight or by volume). If notprevented or addressed, such reactor fouls may lead to undesirableeconomic and commercial results, such as off-spec product and/or reactordown-time. Additionally, monitoring polymer particulates in thepolymerization system 10, in accordance with aspects of the presentdisclosure, may enable increased control over the polymerizationprocess, which may enhance productivity and lead to a better qualityproduct.

In certain embodiments, various analysis systems 109 may be disposedalong the flow path of the reactor system 20 to monitor variousparameters relating to the polymer itself, the operating parameters inthe reactor 60, and, in some embodiments, to predict fouling conditionsor detect fouling. For example, it may be desirable to have at least aportion the analysis systems 109 disposed in the reactor 60 itself tomonitor the operating conditions of the reactor 60. Alternatively, theanalysis systems 109 may be disposed upstream and/or downstream from thereactor 60, for example in an input or output line to the reactor (e.g.,a continuous take-off output from a first reactor feeding to a secondreactor such as a dual slurry loop polymerization reactor system). Theanalysis systems 109 may be configured to monitor a variety of operatingconditions. For example, the analysis systems 109 may be configured tomonitor one or more statistical representations relating to the particlesize of the polymer, temperature of the polymerization reactorcomponents, pressure of the reactor 60, solid composition of thepolymerization reactor components, a density of the liquid fraction ofthe polymerization reactor components (e.g., slurry density), a flowrate of the polymerization reactor components, among other parameters.

In certain embodiments, the analysis systems 109 perform measurementsthat enable monitoring of aspects relating to the polymer particulatesin the reactor 60, for example, particle size and/or morphology of thepolymer particulates, with a probe. For example, one or more probesassociated with the analysis systems 109 may comprise a focused beamreflectance measurement (FBRM) probe that monitors particle size bymeasuring a chord length of the polymer particulates, or a particlevision and measurement (PVM) probe that monitors particle size andmorphology via video microscopy. Such probes are described in moredetail hereinbelow.

The probe may be disposed along a flow path of the polymerization system10 and scan or otherwise examine the polymer particulates passingthrough a desired portion of the flow path. In certain embodiments, theprobe may be flush with an inner surface of the reactor piping such thatno gaps or extrusions are formed in the inner surface of the piping. Inother embodiments, the probe may be inserted into the reactor such thatit is in a portion of the flow path (e.g., an extrusion in the innersurface of the reactor piping is formed).

By way of example, FIG. 3 illustrates a probe 105 tapped into a wall ofa reactor, such that the probe is in the flow path of the polymerizationreactor components. As will be discussed in more detail herein, theprobe 105 may be located at or proximate to an elbow 122 along the flowpath of the reactor 60. In certain embodiments, elbows of the reactor 60may convey the polymerization reactor components at a turbulent flow,which may enable a more accurate measurement than segments withoutturbulent flow. Moreover, the probe 105 may be secured to the reactor 60via an attachment system that includes at least one gasket 107. Thegasket 107 may enable the probe 105 to fit securely in the reactor 60without creating any leaks. The probe 105 may also be electronicallycoupled to a polymer measurement device 111. The polymer measurementdevice 111 may be a computing (e.g., processing) device having softwareconfigured to convert feedback from the probe 105 into data, or a value,corresponding to a particle size of the polymers, a density of thepolymers, or the like. For example, the polymer measurement device 111may be able to convert a chord length distribution into an averageparticle size, a range of particle sizes, a particle size distribution(“PSD”), or another value that corresponds to the size of the polymerparticulates.

Probe 105 may be positioned at an angle to an area of polymerizationsystem 10 wherein the polymer slurry experiences a turbulent, well-mixedflow. For example, in embodiments, probe 105 is positioned at an anglewith a wall of polymerization reactor 60/160 or with a piping wall thatis less than or equal to about 45, 40, 30, 25, or 20 degrees relative tothe wall.

Similarly, FIG. 4 illustrates the probe 105 flush with an inner surface113 of the reactor 60, such that it is not in the flow path of thepolymerization reactor components. As with the probe 105 of FIG. 3, theprobe 105 is located at or proximate to the elbow 122 of the reactor 60.Additionally, the probe 105 is secured to the reactor 60 via anattachment system that includes the gasket 107. Again, the gasket 107may enable the probe 105 to fit securely in the reactor 60 withoutcreating any leaks. Additionally, the probe 105 in FIG. 4 is coupled tothe polymer measurement device 111.

As noted above, in embodiments, the probe provides data on particle sizeand/or morphology. The probe may be operable via light backscattering orvideo microscopy. In embodiments, probe 105 utilizes back scattering ofa laser beam. Any probe known in the art to be operable to provide dataon particle size, particle shape/morphology, or particle number vialight back scattering may be utilized, in embodiments. Such a probe isthe focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) probe, such as theLASENTEC D600VL FBRM probe, which is commercially available from MettlerToledo. FBRM is operable to track the rate and degree of changes ofparticles based on particle dimension and number of particles. The FBRMprobe utilizes a rotating focused laser beam which is scattered back byindividual particles at or near a focal point of the laser beam. Theduration and intensity of the backscattered light is utilized toevaluate the particle number and dimension. FBRM may be particularlysuited to online monitoring of polymer systems, as the intensity of theback scattered light is substantially higher than the scattered lightmeasured with conventional light scattering (LS), and the fact thatmultiple scattering at particles combined with complex secondaryscattering patterns is greatly reduced because the back scattered lightin FBRM travels only a short distance through the slurry back to theprobe window. Thus, FBRM is operable in systems with higher solidsconcentrations than conventional LS.

Probe 105 may be an FBRM probe configured to emit a laser (e.g., aninfrared laser) beam through a set of optics and focused to a tight beamspot at a probe window (e.g., a sapphire window) on a tip of the probepositioned in the flow path of the reactor polymerization components 14.The probe may be configured such that the optics rotate at a fixed scanspeed allowing the beam spot to rapidly scan across polymer particles asthey flow by the window of the probe. In embodiments, the rotation speedmay be in the range of from about 0.5 to about 10 meters per second(m/s). In embodiments, the speed of rotation is about 2 m/s; however,any appropriate scan speeds may be used.

When the rotating laser beam hits upon a polymer particle that is nearthe laser beam focus, the light is reflected and may be propagated backthrough the probe window. The reflected laser light is then detected(e.g., by a photodiode) and converted to an electrical signal which canbe processed by the electronics of the probe. The pulse of backscatteredlight may correspond to the particle size of the polymer particulatebecause the duration of the pulse may correlate to the time it takes forthe beam of light to reflect from one end of the particle to the otherend. From the known beam velocity (i.e., the scan speed, v_(b)) and thedetected duration time of reflection (Δt), the corresponding chordlength (CL) can be calculated by:CL=v _(b) Δt  (1)

The corresponding chord length counts are summed up (e.g., in 1400 CLintervals or channels) to provide a CL histogram. The FBRM probe maymeasure tens of thousands of chords per second, thus providing areliable chord length distribution (CLD) (e.g., the histogram of thechord length counts). The CLD may be unique for a given particle sizedistribution (PSD) and particle shape distribution. Generally, FBRM maybe operable to detect polymer particles in the range of from submicron(e.g., 0.5 μm) to about 3 mm, or more. Probe 105 may be operable torecord CLDs at regular intervals, e.g., every 2 seconds.

In embodiments, square-weighting may be applied (via probe 105, polymermeasurement device 111, and/or analysis system 109) to the CLD totransform the length-based CLD to a volume-based distribution, as such asquare-weighted percentage distribution of chord lengths may bettercorrelate with conventional, intrinsically volume-based PSDs obtained,for example, via conventional light scattering. The FBRM probe may beoperable to provide average particle sizes, particle size ranges, and/orfull PSDs. Various (size) analyses based on FBRM that are known in theart can be utilized to monitor polymerization system 10. For example,such analyses are described by Xalter and Millhaupt in Macromol. React.Eng. 2010, 4, 25-39, and by Maaβ, Horn, and Kraume in CzasopismoTechniczne Mechanika. 2008, 105(5-M), 219-230, and by Maaβ, Wollny,Voight, and Kraume in Experiments in Fluids 2011, 50(2), 259-269, thedisclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated herein by referencein its entirety for all purposes not contrary to this disclosure.

As noted above, in embodiments, probe 105 is operable via videomicroscopy. Any probe known in the art to be operable to provide data onparticle size, particle shape/morphology, and/or particle number viavideo microscopy may be utilized, in embodiments. Such a probe is theparticle vision and measurement (PV M) probe (e.g., the LASENTEC V819 PVM probe), which is commercially available from Mettler Toledo. The PVMprobe enables video microscopic observations of moving particles viacharge coupled device (CCD) camera-mediated imaging utilizing a pulsedlight source. The PVM probe can be operable to provide information onparticle morphology and surface structure and, with image evaluation(via probe 105, polymer measurement device 111, and/or analysis system109), provide data on average particle size and PSDs.

In embodiments, probe 105 is a PVM probe comprising multiple (e.g., six)separate laser sources that illuminate a fixed area at a tip of theprobe. The light that is backscattered is focused on the CCD camera. Inembodiments, the PVM probe provides images of 1075 μm by 825 μm, and aresolution of 2 μm. The probe may provide in situ high resolution imagesat a desired rate, e.g., 3 images per second.

Various (size) analyses based on PVM that are known in the art can beutilized to monitor polymerization system 10. For example, such analysesare described in Macromol. React. Eng. 2010, 4, 25-39.

The probe 105 may send signals to the analysis systems 109 (e.g., viathe polymer measurement device 111) and/or to a workstation 110 thatcorrespond to all chord lengths (e.g., a chord length distribution)collected over a scanned area. In certain embodiments, the workstation110 may include the controller 66 and/or another computing deviceconfigured to monitor and control operating parameters of thepolymerization system 10. In other embodiments, the workstation 110 andthe controller 66 may form all or part of a control system.

In certain embodiments, the analysis systems 109, or certain controlfeatures in communication with the analysis systems 109 (e.g., thecontroller 66) may be able to convert a chord length distribution intoan average particle size, a range of particle sizes, a particle sizedistribution (“PSD”), or another value that corresponds to the size ofthe polymer particulates. In other embodiments, the analysis systems 109may transmit a signal that includes the chord length distribution to theworkstation 110.

Turning back to FIG. 2, the workstation 110 may include computingdevices (e.g., the controller 66) programmed to convert the chord lengthdistribution into an average particle size, a range of particle sizes, aPSD, or another value indicative of particle size. Further, theworkstation 110 may use such value to calculate a bulk density of thepolymerization components. For example, the workstation 110 maycalculate the bulk density using the PSD of the polymer particulates anda slurry density value received from another analysis system 109configured to measure a density of the liquid fraction of thepolymerization reactor components. In certain embodiments, the slurrydensity may be representative of the density of the liquid fraction ofthe polymerization reactor components within the reactor 60 or otherdevice in the polymerization system 10. The bulk density may becalculated by, for example, using the PSD of the polymer particulatesand the slurry density, since the PSD may correlate to a density of asolids fraction of the polymerization reactor components. Therefore, theworkstation 110 can use the two values (e.g., the density correspondingto a solids fraction and the density corresponding to a liquid fraction)to find a bulk, or overall, density value of the polymerization reactorcomponents. Based on the particle size value alone and/or the bulkdensity value, the workstation 110 may adjust the feed system 16 orother components of the polymerization system 10 to prevent fouling.

For example, the respective flow rate of the monomer, comonomer,diluent, catalyst, and/or co-catalyst to the polymerization reactor 60may be adjusted when the workstation 110 determines that a signalreceived from the analysis system 109 is indicative of a bulk density ofthe polymer slurry, a particle size distribution of the polymer, anaverage particle size of the polymer, a particle size range of thepolymer, or any combination thereof, outside of a predetermined range.Additionally, the respective flow rate of the comonomer to thepolymerization reactor may be adjusted when the workstation 110determines that the signal received from the analysis system 109 isindicative of a copolymer foul or an incipient copolymer foul. Suchactions of the workstation 110 are described in more detail below.

As shown, the polymerization system 10 includes several of the analysissystems 109 disposed along various points of the reactor 60. In certainembodiments, the polymerization system 10 may have only one analysissystem 109 disposed on (within) the reactor 60. Alternatively, thepolymerization system 10 may include 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or moreanalysis systems 109 disposed in various locations along the reactor 60.For example, the reactor 60 may have only one analysis system 109Adisposed on an elbow 118 of the reactor 60. Alternatively, or inaddition to having one of the analysis systems 109 disposed on the elbow118, the analysis system 109B may be disposed along a straight segment120 of the reactor piping. Further, the reactor 60 may have a thirdanalysis system 109C on a second elbow 122 and/or a fourth analysissystem 109D on a second straight segment 124. It should be understoodthat polymerization system 10 may comprise one or more polymerizationreactors 60 and one or more analysis system 109, and that zero, one, ormultiple analysis systems 109 may be disposed along each polymerizationreactor. In certain embodiments, an analysis system 109 may be disposedalong the continuous take-off 108, such that the polymerizationcomponents exiting the reactor 60 may be monitored as well.

In some situations, it may be desirable to use feedback received fromthe analysis systems 109 in the workstation 110 to enable finerautomated control over a continuous polymerization system. Theworkstation 110 may be configured to monitor various system parameters(e.g., temperature, pressure, particle size, and/or density) andinitiate corrective action by various feed mechanisms, temperaturecontrol mechanisms, and so forth, to prevent reactor fouls, and/orenable the reactor to operate with a tighter tolerance around potentialfoul conditions. The workstation 110 may include a display 112 and auser interface 114 in addition to the controller 66 to enable humanoperators to make adjustments, view information relating to the reactionsystem 20 and its contents, and so forth.

For example, the display 112 may be configured to display a variety ofinformation about the loop reactor 60, coolant system 62, feed system16, and so forth. Further, in certain embodiments, the display 112 mayshow information related to contents within the reactor, such as aparticle size of the polymer particulates within, or downstream from,the reactor. As an example, the display 112 may provide a graphicalrepresentation of a PSD 116. The display 112 may include a single screenor a number of screens wherein a series of data and/or other operationalinformation may be displayed. Accordingly, the workstation 110 may beconfigured to retrieve the data displayed on the display 112 from anynumber of sources, including the analysis systems 109, reactor hot spots70, continuous take-off 108 (or other continuous take-offs), adjustmentvalves 102 and 104 for inlets 72 and 74, cooling jackets 68, coolantsystem 62, feed system 16 (and its inclusive features), and/or thedownstream equipment 64, and may be communicatively coupled to each.

In some embodiments, the workstation 110 may be configured to acceptmedia, such as solid-state memory, hard drives, and discs such ascompact discs, digital video discs, and the like. The storage media maycontain code configured to perform the analyses (e.g., bulk densitycalculation) and perform adjustments to the polymerization system 10. Asnoted above, the workstation 110 may be configured to monitor one ormore reactor operating conditions, such as pump power, temperature,pressure, and so forth. Further, the workstation 110 may be configuredto monitor the current state of the polymerization components 14 withinthe polymerization reactor 60, such as the particle size, solids weightpercent, the monomer weight percent, the catalyst weight percent, thefeed rates of some or all of the polymerization components, a slurrydensity, and the like.

In certain embodiments, the display 114 may show the graphicalrepresentation of the PSD 116, or other visual information related tothe polymerization system 10, for review by a human operator. As such,the human operator may make manual adjustments to the polymerizationsystem 10 based on the displayed results.

In other embodiments, the workstation 110, via the controller 66, mayautomatically adjust operating parameters of the polymerization system10 in response to the feedback received from the analysis systems 109 orother monitoring devices. If a predictive indicator, such as a large(e.g., rapid) increase in the particle size of the polymer particulateswithin the reactor 60, is detected, the controller 66 may adjust theoperation of the reactor 60 in accordance with a preconfigured response.For example, if a reactor foul is predicted (e.g., a feedback receivedfrom the analysis systems 109 indicates particle size is outside apredetermined range), the controller 66 may perform operations to reduceparticle size, such as by increasing the rate of diluent 84 added to thereactor 60; by reducing the addition of monomer 80, comonomer 82, orcatalyst 86; or by increasing the influx of additives, such asanti-static agents, or any combination of these or similar adjustments.In one embodiment, valve control circuitry or code contained within theworkstation 110 causes the controller 66 to generate signals that adjustthe flow of diluents 84, solids, monomer 80, comonomer 82, catalyst 86,and/or additives by adjusting valves 102, 104, and/or 106 via actuators.Additionally or alternatively, the workstation 110 may provide a userperceivable indication that an adjustment should be made to the reactor60.

According to the present technique, it may be desirable to predictimpending fouls sufficiently in advance that preventative action may betaken, which is typically less severe than the action that is suitablefor recovery from an ongoing foul. For example, predictive techniquesmay utilize signals from the analysis systems 109 corresponding toparticle size of the polymerization components (e.g., some measuregenerated based on measured particle size) to predict fouling prior toonset so that preventative steps may be taken. Such a technique isdiscussed in more detail below with respect to FIG. 7.

The present disclosure is also applicable to reactor systems 20employing a plurality of reactors in series, in parallel, or both. Forexample, in some instances, it may desirable to have the ability toproduce a bimodal polymer, or a product having polymers with a bimodalmolecular weight distribution, in the polymerization system 10.Multimodal polymers (e.g., product having multiple molecular weightdistributions) may also be produced. Bimodal polymers may be beneficialfor various applications of piping, food packaging, blow molding, andlamination. Indeed, bimodal polymers have many uses when the processingof the polymer involves molding, extrusion, and the like. Generally, thereactor system 20, if used to produce a bimodal polymer, may include twopolymerization reactors in series. As one non-limiting example, onepolymerization reactor may produce a polymer having a high molecularweight and a low density and the other polymerization reactor mayproduce a polymer having a lower molecular weight and a higher density.In this way, the product obtained from the output of the second reactormay have the benefit of both molecular weight distributions.

As shown in the polymerization system 10 of FIG. 5, the reactor 60(e.g., a first polymerization reactor) produces a slurry that may becontinuously withdrawn through a continuous take-off (“CTO”) device 152.In some embodiments, the CTO device 152 may contain a number of valves(e.g., 2) that are configured to modulate the removal and flow of slurryfrom the reactor 60 in a continuous manner. The valves may be, as shownin the illustrated embodiment, a “ram”-type valve 154 and a v-ball valve156. The CTO device 152 may direct, using the ram valve 154, a portionof the slurry to exit the reactor 60 as a transfer slurry. The CTOdevice 152 may then control, using the v-ball valve 156, the flow of thetransfer slurry through a conduit (e.g., a transfer line) 158 fluidlycoupling the reactor 60 with a second reactor 160. One end of thetransfer line 158 may couple to the second reactor 160 via, for example,a ram valve 162 to enable the slurry to enter the second reactor 160. Incertain embodiments, the ram valve 162 (or entry point) into the secondreactor 160 is on the top side of the loop reactor section 163 or on theinside portion of an elbow 165 of the second reactor 160 such thatsolids in the area of the inlet 167 to the second reactor 160 isminimized. However, it should be understood that the ram valve 162 maybe placed anywhere along the second reactor 160. In operation,introduction of the transfer slurry from the reactor 60 into the secondreactor 160 facilitates production of a second slurry within the secondreactor 160, which may be continuously withdrawn via a CTO device 164(in certain embodiments containing a ram valve 166 and a v-ball valve168) leading to a flashline apparatus 170, or other downstreamequipment.

During operation, the flashline apparatus 170 may separate a liquidmedium of the second slurry from a polymer product of the second slurry.The liquid medium may then be recycled and directed back, via recycleline 172, to the reactor 60 or, in some embodiments, to the secondreactor 160 for use in the continuous polymerization process.Additionally, monomer/comonomer, diluent, and catalyst feed lines 174may feed into the recycle line 172 leading from the flashline apparatus170 to the reactor 60. The flashline apparatus 170 is discussed in moredetail with reference to FIG. 6.

In certain embodiments, the polymerization system 10 has more than onetransfer line (e.g., between 2 and 5 transfer lines, inclusive) disposedon each reactor. Such features may include an additional CTO device 176including a ram valve 178 and a v-ball valve 180 configured to withdrawslurry from the reactor 60 and transfer the slurry, via an additionaltransfer line 182, to the second reactor 160. As with the primarytransfer line 158, the additional transfer line 182 may couple to thesecond reactor 160 using a ram valve 184. The CTO devices 152 and 176may be disposed along different take-off positions on the reactor 60such that certain characteristics of the withdrawn slurry (e.g., slurryvelocity, stratified solids content) are substantially the same.Similarly, transfer lines 158 and 182 may be configured to deliver thetransfer slurry to the second reactor 160 at about the same position. Inother embodiments, transfer lines 158 and 182 may be configured todeliver slurry from the reactor 60 to the second reactor 160 atdifferent positions. Also, transfer lines 158 and 182 may share or havesimilar valving and control systems such that the workstation 110 maysubstantially automate the entire process of switching between transferlines and controlling the flow through each line.

As shown in FIG. 5, the polymerization system 10 includes the analysissystems 109 disposed on a combination of features through which theslurry may pass to enable analysis of the slurry at the variousillustrated points. However, in certain other embodiments, thepolymerization system 10 may have only one analysis system 109 disposedin the reactor system (e.g., one analysis system 109 even though thereare two reactors). Alternatively, the polymerization system 10 mayinclude 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more analysis systems 109disposed in various locations along the reactor 60 and/or the secondreactor 160. For example, the reactor 60 may have only one analysissystem 109A disposed on an elbow 118 of the reactor 60. Alternatively.or in addition to analysis system 109A disposed on the elbow 118, theanalysis system 109B may be disposed along a straight section 120 of thereactor piping. Further, the reactor 60 may have a third analysis system109C on a second elbow 122 and/or a fourth analysis system 109D on asecond straight section 124. It should be understood, that zero, one, ormultiple analysis systems 109 may be disposed along the reactor 60.

The second reactor 160 may also include one or more analysis systems109. For example, the second reactor 160 may have only one analysissystem 109F disposed on an elbow 198 of the second reactor 160.Alternatively, or in addition to analysis system 109F disposed on theelbow 198, the analysis system 109G may be disposed along a straightportion 200 of the second reactor 160. Further, the second reactor 160may have a third analysis system 109H on a second elbow 202 and/or afourth analysis system 109I on a second straight portion 204. It shouldbe understood, that zero, one, or multiple analysis systems 109 may bedisposed along any portion of the second reactor 160.

In certain embodiments, one or more of the analysis systems 109 may bedisposed along either, or both, of the transfer lines 158 and 182. Asshown in FIG. 5, one analysis system 109J is disposed along the transferline 158 and is coupled to the workstation 110 to provide feedbackrelated to the particle size of the polymer particulates in the transferline 158. It may be beneficial to include the analysis systems 109 inthe transfer lines 158 and/or 182 because fouling may occur in thetransfer lines 158 and/or 182 in addition to within the reactors 60 and160, themselves.

In addition to detecting and prevent fouling, placing the analysissystems 109 in the reactors 60 and 160 as well as transfer lines 158 and182 may enable finer control over the polymerization system 10, whichmay lead to a higher quality product. As discussed previously, simplymonitoring operating parameters such as temperature, pressure, density,and the like creates uncertainty about physical characteristics ofsystem contents, thereby resulting in corrective action being taken tooearly. Early corrective action may lead to a decrease in the quality ofthe final product by deviating from optimal operating parameter values.Placing the analysis systems 109 at multiple points along thepolymerization system 10 may provide more certainty as to the contentsat each point along the flow path, thereby enabling finer control overthe entire system. For example, one or more of the analysis systems,such as any of the analysis systems 109A through 109J as shown in theFigures, may provide information related to, for example, particle sizein each reactor 60 and 160. Therefore, a controller and/or humanoperator has a better understanding of how any given change in anoperating parameter, regardless of how minor, affects the reactorcontents at each point along the polymerization system 10. As such,corrective action may not be taken as early, which may generate a higherquality polymer.

A variety of equipment for further processing of the polymer may bedisposed downstream from the reactor system 20. In some instances, itmay be beneficial to monitor the particle size of the polymerparticulates flowing through such equipment because downstream equipmentmay also be subject to fouling. FIG. 6 depicts an embodiment of theflashline apparatus 170 disposed downstream from the reactor 60 or 160.The flashline apparatus 170 may include features for isolating thepolymer product from the continuously withdrawn product slurry from thesecond reactor 160 (in the case of series operation), the reactor 60 andthe second reactor 160 (in the case of parallel operation), or just thereactor 60 (in the case of a polymerization system 10 with only onereactor). Regardless of the mode of operation, the slurry may passthrough conduit 222 into a high pressure flash chamber 224. Conduit 222includes a surrounding conduit 226, which is provided with a heatedfluid to indirectly heat the slurry material in the flash line conduit222. Vaporized diluent exits the flash chamber 224 via overhead conduit228 for further processing, which may include condensation by simpleheat exchange using recycle condenser 230. The diluent may then returnto polymerization system 10. Polymer particles are withdrawn from thehigh pressure flash chamber 224 via line 232 for further processing. Insome aspects, the polymer particles are passed to low pressure flashchamber 234 for further removal of volatiles. Separated diluent, orother volatile materials, passes through compressor 238 to line 228. Therecovered polymer particles are conveyed via line 236 to other equipment(e.g., extruder) for further processing, or to a consumer for purchase.

In certain embodiments, the flashline apparatus 170 may include one ormore of the analysis systems 109. For example, an analysis system 109may be disposed at an inlet 240 of the flashline apparatus 170, anoutlet 242 of the flashline apparatus 170, along the flash line conduit222, along line 232, and/or along line 236. Placing the analysis system109 along one or more of lines 222, 232, and/or 236 may enablemonitoring of the particle size of the polymer particulates flowingthrough the flashline apparatus 170. In certain embodiments, fouling mayoccur in the flashline apparatus 170 and therefore, monitoring thepolymer particulates in the flashline apparatus 170 may be beneficial toprevent fouling in the flashline apparatus 170. Additionally, theparticle size of the polymer particulates flowing through lines 222,232, and/or 236 may be indicative of fouling in other portions of thepolymerization system 10. In addition to detecting and prevent fouling,placing the analysis system 109 in the flashline apparatus 170 mayenable finer control over the polymerization system 10, which may leadto a higher quality product. The analysis system 109 may provideinformation related to, for example, particle size in the flashlineapparatus 170. Therefore, a controller and/or human operator has abetter understanding of how any given change in an operating parameteraffects contents in the flashline apparatus 170. Therefore, monitoringcharacteristics of the polymer particulates in the flashline apparatus170 may enable the workstation 110 to take preventative measures toprevent fouling in the polymerization system 10 as well as provide finercontrol over the polymerization system 10, which may lead to a betterquality polymer.

FIG. 7 depicts a flow chart of an embodiment of a method 260 formonitoring an operating parameter(s) of the polymerization system 10 andmaking adjustments to the feed system 16 to prevent fouling. In certainembodiments, all or some of the operations or steps illustrated in theflow chart 260 may be performed by the workstation 110. At block 262,the control system may command the feed system 16 to convey thepolymerization components 14 to the reactor system (e.g., by sendingsignals to actuators that control valves 102 and/or 104). In certainembodiments, the reactor system 20 may include the loop reactor 60and/or the second reactor 160. In other embodiments, as noted above, thereactor system 20 may include one or more different types of reactors(e.g., boiling liquid pool, stirred tank, gas phase reactors, and thelike) designed to continuously produce a polymer.

At block 264, the polymerization components in the reactor system may besubjected to polymerization conditions to form a polymer. In certainembodiments, the polymerization components include a monomer, acomonomer, a catalyst, a cocatalyst and/or diluent from the feed system16, and the polymerization conditions may include sufficient mixing ofthe polymerization components 14, a sufficient pressure to encouragepolymerization, and/or a sufficient temperature to encouragepolymerization, among others.

At block 266, the workstation 110 may monitor a particle size of thepolymer by receiving signals from the analysis system(s) 109 coupled to,or disposed within, the flow path of the reactor system 20. As discussedabove, the reactor system 20 may include any number of the analysissystems 109 disposed at a variety of locations along the reactor systemflow path. In certain embodiments, an analysis system 109 is disposed onan elbow of the flow path and includes an FBRM probe configured tomeasure a particle size of the polymer particulates. The analysis system109 may send feedback (e.g., a signal) corresponding to a particle sizeof the polymer particulates in the reactor 60 to the workstation 110. Inother embodiments, the analysis systems 109 may send raw or lightlyprocessed data to the workstation 110, such as where the workstation 110has appropriately configured processing equipment and/or appropriatelyconfigured software stored on a memory thereof.

At block 268, the workstation 110 may receive the feedback (e.g., asignal) from the analysis system 109. In certain embodiments, thefeedback corresponds to the particle size of the polymerizationcomponents (e.g., average particle size, a range of particle sizes, aPSD). The workstation 110, in some embodiments, may determine, orcalculate, a bulk density value from the feedback. As such, theworkstation 110 may receive a second signal from a second analysissystem 109 that corresponds to a slurry density (e.g., the density ofthe liquid fraction of the polymerization components 14). The controlsystem may use the particle size feedback as well as the slurry densityfeedback to compute a bulk density (e.g., an overall density of theliquid and solid fractions of polymerization components 14). Theworkstation 110 may perform certain control actions, or cause them to beperformed, in response to the feedback. For example, control actionsinitiated by the workstation 110 may include controlling the flow rateof at least one of the polymerization components 14 via the feed system16. In certain embodiments, the workstation 110 may be electronicallycoupled (e.g., via a wire connection or wireless connection) to theanalysis system(s) 109 and the feed system 16.

As one example of a control action, at block 270, the workstation 110may send a signal to an actuator(s) to adjust the valves 102 and/or 104to control the feed of at least one of the polymerization components(e.g., monomer, comonomer, catalyst, cocatalyst, and diluents) to thereactor system. The signal sent by the workstation 110 may be apre-programmed response to the feedback from the analysis system(s) 109.As discussed previously, if a value contained in the signal from theanalysis system 109 exceeds a threshold level, the workstation 110 maybe programmed to increase the rate of diluent 84 feed; reduce theaddition of monomer 80, comonomer 82, or catalyst 86; or increase theinflux of additives, such as anti-static agents. In certain embodiments,the signal from the workstation 110 is pre-determined to prevent foulingand/or to take action when the signal from the analysis system(s) 109indicates that fouling is, or may, occur. By taking such preventativemeasures, the polymerization system 10 may operate more efficiently.

Additional Description

Systems and methods for monitoring and controlling a polymerizationsystem have been described. The following clauses are offered as furtherdescription of the disclosure.

Embodiment 1

A polymerization system, comprising: a reactor system comprising apolymerization reactor and a feed system fluidly coupled to a feed inletof the reactor, wherein the feed system is configured to supplypolymerization components to the reactor via the feed inlet, and thepolymerization reactor comprises a flow path configured to continuouslyconvey the polymerization components through an interior of thepolymerization reactor and subject the polymerization components topolymerization conditions to produce a polymer slurry comprising apolymer; an analysis system coupled to the polymerization reactor alongthe flow path, wherein the analysis system is configured to monitor aparticle size of the polymer; and a control system coupled to theanalysis system and the feed system, wherein the control system isconfigured to receive a signal from the analysis system indicative ofthe monitored particle size of the polymer, and is configured to adjustan operating parameter of the feed system to control a flow rate of atleast one of the polymerization components to the polymerization reactorbased at least on the signal.

Embodiment 2

The polymerization system of embodiment 1, wherein the analysis systemcomprises a probe tapped into a wall of the polymerization reactor at aposition along the flow path.

Embodiment 3

The polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment, whereinthe probe is operable to perform online monitoring of the particle sizevia light backscattering or video microscopy.

Embodiment 4

The polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment, whereinthe probe is operable to perform online monitoring of the particle sizevia focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) technology.

Embodiment 5

The polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment, whereinthe probe is configured to measure a chord length distribution of thepolymer located within a cross-section of the flow path corresponding toa window of the probe.

Embodiment 6

The polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment, whereinthe signal is the chord length distribution and the control system isconfigured to determine a particle size distribution of the polymerbased on the chord length distribution.

Embodiment 7

The polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment, whereinthe probe comprises a laser configured to emit a beam of light into theflow path, and a window configured to receive the beam of light when thebeam back scatters off the polymer, and wherein the window of the probeis substantially flush with an inner surface of the wall of thepolymerization reactor to prevent the probe from disrupting a flow ofthe polymer slurry.

Embodiment 8

The polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment, whereinthe probe is operable to perform online monitoring of the particle sizevia particle vision and measurement (PVM) technology.

Embodiment 9

The polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment, whereinthe polymerization reactor is a loop slurry reactor, and the probe istapped into an elbow of the loop slurry reactor to enable the probe tomonitor a region of flow within the flow path.

Embodiment 10

The polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment, whereinthe signal corresponds to a particle size distribution of the polymerand the control system is configured to determine a bulk density valueof the polymer slurry from the signal and to control the flow rate ofthe at least one polymerization component based on the bulk densityvalue.

Embodiment 11

The polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment, whereinthe control system is configured to determine the bulk density valueusing the particle size of the polymer and a slurry density value.

Embodiment 12

The polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment, whereinthe feed system is configured to supply a monomer, a comonomer, acatalyst, and a diluent to the polymerization reactor as thepolymerization components, and the control system is configured toadjust a respective flow rate of the monomer, the comonomer, thecatalyst, the diluent, or any combination thereof, in response to thesignal.

Embodiment 13

The polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment, whereinthe control system is configured to adjust the respective flow rate ofthe monomer to the polymerization reactor in response to the signal whenthe control system determines that the signal is indicative of a bulkdensity of the polymer slurry, a particle size distribution of thepolymer, an average particle size of the polymer, a particle size rangeof the polymer, or any combination thereof, outside of a predeterminedrange.

Embodiment 14

The polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment, whereinthe control system is configured to adjust the respective flow rate ofthe comonomer to the polymerization reactor in response to the signalwhen the control system determines that the signal is indicative of acopolymer foul or an incipient copolymer foul.

Embodiment 15

The polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment, whereinthe control system is configured to cause the feed system to adjust therespective flow rate of the catalyst to the polymerization to adjust abulk density of the polymer slurry when the control system determinesthat the signal is indicative of a bulk density of the polymer slurry, aparticle size distribution of the polymer, an average particle size ofthe polymer, a particle size range of the polymer, or any combinationthereof, outside of a predetermined range.

Embodiment 16

The polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment, whereinthe control system is configured to cause the feed system to adjust therespective flow rate of the diluent to the polymerization to adjust aresidence time of the polymer slurry within the polymerization reactorwhen the control system determines that the signal is indicative of abulk density of the polymer slurry, a particle size distribution of thepolymer, an average particle size of the polymer, a particle size rangeof the polymer, or any combination thereof, outside of a predeterminedrange.

Embodiment 17

The polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment, whereinthe reactor system comprises a first loop slurry reactor and a secondloop slurry reactor in series, the first loop slurry being upstream ofthe second loop slurry reactor, and the polymerization reactor is thefirst loop slurry reactor.

Embodiment 18

The polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment, whereinthe reactor system comprises a first loop slurry reactor and a secondloop slurry reactor in series, the first loop slurry being upstream ofthe second loop slurry reactor, and the polymerization reactor is thesecond loop slurry reactor.

Embodiment 19

A method for operating a continuous polymerization system, comprising:conveying polymerization components to a reactor system using a feedsystem, wherein the feed system comprises a flow control device and thereactor system comprises a reactor disposed along a flow path;subjecting the polymerization components to polymerization conditions inthe reactor to form a polymer as the polymerization components flow froma reactor inlet to a reactor outlet; monitoring a particle size of thepolymer with an analysis system coupled to the flow path; receiving asignal indicative of the particle size from the analysis system with acontrol system coupled to the feed system and the analysis system; andadjusting the flow control device to adjust a flow rate of at least oneof the polymerization components to the reactor system using the controlsystem based on the signal.

Embodiment 20

The method or polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment,wherein the particle size of the polymer is monitored online via lightbackscattering, video microscopy, or both.

Embodiment 21

The method or polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment,wherein the signal corresponds to the particle size of thepolymerization components and the control system determines a bulkdensity value from the signal and controls the flow rate of the at leastone polymerization component based on the bulk density value.

Embodiment 22

The method or polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment,wherein the control system determines the bulk density value based onthe particle size of the polymerization components and a slurry densityvalue.

Embodiment 23

The method or polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment,wherein the polymerization components comprise a monomer, a comonomer, acatalyst, and a diluent, and the control system controls the flow rateof the monomer, the comonomer, the catalyst, the diluent, or anycombination thereof, based on the signal.

Embodiment 24

The method or polymerization system defined in any preceding embodiment,wherein the reactor is a loop slurry reactor, and wherein subjecting thepolymerization components to polymerization conditions in the reactor toform the polymer comprises producing a polymer slurry comprising thepolymer, and the analysis system comprises a probe tapped into an elbowof the loop slurry reactor.

Embodiment 25

A steady-state polymerization system, comprising: a reactor system,comprising: a feed inlet configured to receive polymerizationcomponents; a flow path configured to continuously convey thepolymerization components; and a reactor disposed along the flow pathand configured to subject the polymerization components topolymerization conditions to produce a polymer; a feed system fluidlycoupled to the feed inlet of the reactor system and configured to supplythe polymerization components to the reactor system via a flow controldevice; a first analysis system coupled to the flow path at a firstlocation and configured to monitor a first particle size of the polymerat the first location; a second analysis system coupled to the flow pathat a second location and configured to monitor a second particle size ofthe polymer at the second location; and a control system coupled to thefirst analysis system, the second analysis system, and the feed system,wherein the controller is configured to receive a first signal from thefirst analysis system and a second signal from the second analysissystem, calculate a bulk density value based on at least one of thefirst signal or the second signal, and adjust the flow control device tocontrol a flow rate of at least one of the polymerization components tothe reactor system based at least on the bulk density value.

Embodiment 26

The steady-state polymerization system defined in any precedingembodiment, wherein the first analysis system, the second analysissystem, or both, are operable via online light backscattering or videomicroscopy.

Embodiment 27

The steady-state polymerization system defined in any precedingembodiment, wherein the control system receives a third signal from athird analysis system and the third signal corresponds to a slurrydensity of the polymerization components.

Embodiment 28

The steady-state polymerization system defined in any precedingembodiment, wherein the control system calculates the bulk density valueusing the third signal and at least one of the first signal or thesecond signal.

Embodiment 29

The steady-state polymerization system defined in any precedingembodiment, wherein the reactor is a loop slurry reactor.

Embodiment 30

The steady-state polymerization system defined in any precedingembodiment, comprising a flashline heater disposed downstream of theloop slurry reactor and along the flow path, wherein the flashlineheater is configured to receive effluent from the loop slurry reactorand to separate polymer fluff of the effluent from a diluent of theeffluent, and the second analysis system is disposed at an inlet of theflashline heater, along the flashline heater, or at an outlet of theflashline heater, and the control system is configured to adjust a flowrate of at least one of the polymerization components to the reactorsystem based at least on the second signal.

While the present disclosure may be susceptible to various modificationsand alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way ofexample in the drawings and tables and have been described in detailherein. However, it should be understood that the embodiments are notintended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, thedisclosure is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternativesfalling within the spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined by thefollowing appended claims. Further, although individual embodiments arediscussed herein, the disclosure is intended to cover all combinationsof these embodiments.

What is claimed is:
 1. A polymerization system, comprising: a reactorsystem comprising a polymerization reactor; a feed system fluidlycoupled to a feed inlet of the polymerization reactor, wherein the feedsystem is configured to supply polymerization components comprising amonomer, a comonomer, a catalyst, and a diluent to the polymerizationreactor via the feed inlet, and the polymerization reactor comprises aflow path configured to continuously convey the polymerizationcomponents through an interior of the polymerization reactor andconfigured to subject the polymerization components to polymerizationconditions to produce a polymer slurry comprising polymer particles; ananalysis system coupled to the polymerization reactor along the flowpath, wherein the analysis system is configured to monitor a particlesize of the polymer particles; and a control system coupled to theanalysis system and the feed system, wherein the control system isconfigured to receive a signal from the analysis system indicative ofthe monitored particle size of the polymer particles, and is configuredto adjust a flow rate of the monomer, the comonomer, the catalyst, thediluent, or any combination thereof in the feed system, in response tothe signal.
 2. The polymerization system of claim 1, wherein theanalysis system comprises a probe tapped into a wall of thepolymerization reactor at a position along the flow path.
 3. Thepolymerization system of claim 2, wherein the polymerization reactor isa loop slurry reactor, and the probe is tapped into an elbow of the loopslurry reactor to enable the probe to monitor a region of turbulent flowwithin the flow path.
 4. The polymerization system of claim 2, whereinthe probe is operable to perform online monitoring of the particle sizevia light backscattering or video microscopy.
 5. The polymerizationsystem of claim 4, wherein the probe is operable to perform onlinemonitoring of the particle size via particle vision and measurement(PVM) technology.
 6. The polymerization system of claim 4, wherein theprobe is operable to perform online monitoring of the particle size viafocused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) technology.
 7. Thepolymerization system of claim 6, wherein the probe is configured tomeasure a chord length distribution of the polymer particles locatedwithin a cross-section of the flow path corresponding to a window of theprobe.
 8. The polymerization system of claim 7, wherein the signal isthe chord length distribution and the control system is configured todetermine a particle size distribution of the polymer particles based onthe chord length distribution.
 9. The polymerization system of claim 6,wherein the probe comprises a laser configured to emit a beam of lightinto the flow path, and a window configured to receive the beam of lightwhen the beam of light back scatters off the polymer particles, andwherein the window of the probe is substantially flush with an innersurface of the wall of the polymerization reactor to prevent the probefrom disrupting a flow of the polymer slurry.
 10. The polymerizationsystem of claim 1, wherein the analysis system is configured to generatethe signal based on a particle size distribution of the polymerparticles and wherein the control system is configured to determine abulk density value of the polymer slurry from the signal and to controlthe flow rate of the at least one of the polymerization components basedon the bulk density value.
 11. The polymerization system of claim 10,wherein the control system is configured to determine the bulk densityvalue using the particle size of the polymer particles and a slurrydensity value.
 12. The polymerization system of claim 1, wherein thecontrol system is configured to adjust the respective flow rate of themonomer to the polymerization reactor in response to the signal when thecontrol system determines that the signal is indicative of a bulkdensity of the polymer slurry, a particle size distribution of thepolymer particles, an average particle size of the polymer particles, aparticle size range of the polymer particles, or any combinationthereof, outside of a predetermined range.
 13. The polymerization systemof claim 1, wherein the control system is configured to adjust therespective flow rate of the comonomer to the polymerization reactor inresponse to the signal when the control system determines that thesignal is indicative of a copolymer foul or an incipient copolymer foul.14. The polymerization system of claim 1, wherein the control system isconfigured to cause the feed system to adjust the respective flow rateof the catalyst to the polymerization reactor to adjust a bulk densityof the polymer slurry when the control system determines that the signalis indicative of the bulk density of the polymer slurry, a particle sizedistribution of the polymer particles, an average particle size of thepolymer particles, a particle size range of the polymer particles, orany combination thereof, outside of a predetermined range.
 15. Thepolymerization system of claim 1, wherein the control system isconfigured to cause the feed system to adjust the respective flow rateof the diluent to the polymerization reactor to adjust a residence timeof the polymer slurry within the polymerization reactor when the controlsystem determines that the signal is indicative of a bulk density of thepolymer slurry, a particle size distribution of the polymer particles,an average particle size of the polymer particles, a particle size rangeof the polymer particles, or any combination thereof, outside of apredetermined range.
 16. The polymerization system of claim 1, whereinthe reactor system comprises a first loop slurry reactor and a secondloop slurry reactor in series, the first loop slurry reactor beingupstream of the second loop slurry reactor, and the polymerizationreactor is the first loop slurry reactor.
 17. The polymerization systemof claim 1, wherein the reactor system comprises a first loop slurryreactor and a second loop slurry reactor in series, the first loopslurry reactor being upstream of the second loop slurry reactor, and thepolymerization reactor is the second loop slurry reactor.
 18. Thepolymerization system of claim 1, wherein the reactor system comprises afirst loop slurry reactor and a second loop slurry reactor connected inseries by a transfer line, the polymerization reactor being the firstloop slurry reactor or the second loop slurry reactor, wherein theanalysis system comprises a probe tapped into a wall of the transferline.
 19. The polymerization system of claim 1, wherein the analysissystem comprises a probe disposed in an inlet, an outlet, or a conduitof a flashline apparatus.